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The Right to Know: Transparency for an Open World resources

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India, 19; in Slovakia, 130, 136; in Emergency Planning and Community South Africa, 185, 231, 233, 234; Right to Know Act (1986), 279–82, transparency as norm for, 214; 284–85 see also Open Democracy Advice Emkhandwini, 209 Centre empowerment, 22 Democracy by Disclosure (Graham), Enron, 9, 216, 225 217 environmental assessment, 288–89 “democratic deficit,” 243–45 environmental associations, 290 Deng Xiaoping, 63 Environmental Defense, 296 desacato laws, 330 environmental governance, 13; new Desai, Morarji, 21 paradigm in, 279–81; principles of Dey, Nikhil, 24 good, 282–90 dharna (sit-in), 26; Beawar, 26–27; environmental lawsuits, 290 MKSS and, 26 Environmental Management Act disclosure: corporate, 8–9; govern- (Indonesia), 285 ment effectiveness/efficiency Environmental Protection Agency and, 338–39; motives for, 344–47; (EPA), 13, 219, 279 participatory, 262; policies, 2; environmental transparency: future regulation by revelation, 339–41; of, 300–305; NGOs role in, role of, 337–38; secrecy v., 10; shift 293–300; state of, 291–93; technol- toward, 216–20 ogy and, 300 disclosure laws, 8; in Great Britain, 7; EPA. See Environmental Protection in U.S., 7 Agency Dolas, Sunetra, 40 equity, 283 Douglass, Frederick, 270 Estonia, 132 Dow Chemicals, 279 Ethics in Government Act (Nigeria), DP-FOI. See Data Protection and 152 Freedom of Information—Hun- EU. See European Union gary EU Accession Monitoring Program Dutch East India Company, 217 (EUMAP), 134 EUMAP. See EU Accession Monitor- Earth Summit, Rio de Janeiro (1992), ing Program 282, 285, 289, 295 European Bank for Reconstruction East Germany, 120 and Development, 263 Ecoglasnost movement, 291–92 European Court of Human Rights, Economic and Financial Crimes Com- 327–28 mission—Nigeria (EFCC), 166, European Investment Bank, 263 168 European Union (EU), 134, 271, 297 economics, 1, 5 Extractive Industries Transparency Ecuador, 210n6 Initiative (EITI), 225 education, 22 EFCC. See Economic and Financial Fallows, James, 322 Crimes Commission—Nigeria FBI. See Federal Bureau of Investiga- “E-government” program, 61, 100 tion EITI. See Extractive Industries Trans- Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), parency Initiative 315 Elf Aquitaine, 224 Federal Institute for Access to Infor- Ellsburg, Daniel, 321 mation (Mexico), 193 index 357

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