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Truth, Errors, and Lies: Politics and Economics in a Volatile World resources

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8. Stagnation and Development—Institutions, Policy, and Culture 437 7. What Development Is and What It Depends On 1 . See Nic Marks, Saamah Abdallah, Andrew Simms, and Sam Thompson, The Happy Planet Index (London: New Economics Foundation, 2006). Rich- ard Layard also writes about the category of happiness as perceived from the economic perspective in Happiness: Lessons from a New Science (London: Pen- guin, 2006). 2 . Press release: “University of Leicester Produces the First Ever World Map of Happiness: Happiness Is Being Healthy, Wealthy and Wise,” www2 .le.ac.uk; Adrian White, “World Map of Happiness,” Psych Talk , March 2007. 3 . A mathematical formula for calculating the degree of the human poverty gap can be found in the study Indicators for Monitoring the Millennium Develop- ment Goals: Defi (New York: United nitions, Rationale, Concepts, and Sources Nations, 2003), p. 9; mdgs.un.org. 4 .Development Goals Report 2007: Statistical Annex (New York: United Na- tions, 2007). The relevant information is available at mdgs.un.org. 5 . Questioning the assumption about diminishing returns from capital, Paul Romer, in particular, contributed to creating and developing an endoge- nous model of economic growth. See his “Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth,” Journal of Political Economy, 94, no. 5 (1986): 1002–37. 6 . See Robert E. Lucas, “On the Mechanics of Economic Development,” Journal of Monetary Economics , 22, no. 1 (1988): 3–42. 7 . See George Mavrotas and Anthony Shorrocks, eds., Advancing Develop- ment: Core Themes in Global Economics (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), a daunting tome (803 pages) rich in a variety of themes relevant to contempo- rary development economics and containing as its Chapter 28 my text, Institu- tions, Policies, and Economic Development , pp. 531–54. 8. Stagnation and Development—Institutions, Policy, and Culture 1 . John Seabrook, “Sowing for Democracy,” The New Yorker , Aug. 27, 2007. 2 . Statistical data cited in “Caught in the Middle, As Usual,” The Economist , Nov. 12, 2005, p. 49. 3 . See Andres Åslund, How Russia Became a Market Economy (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1995). 4 . See Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the “Spirit ” of Capitalism, trans- lated and with an introduction and additional selections by Peter Baehr and Gordon C. Wells (New York: Penguin, 2002). 5 . The 1996 fi lm explains more about the essence of economic populism, and not only in its Peronist variant, than some scholarly studies of the subject.

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