8. Stagnation and Development—Institutions, Policy, and Culture 437
7. What Development Is and What It Depends On
1 . See Nic Marks, Saamah Abdallah, Andrew Simms, and Sam Thompson,
The Happy Planet Index (London: New Economics Foundation, 2006). Rich-
ard Layard also writes about the category of happiness as perceived from the
economic perspective in Happiness: Lessons from a New Science (London: Pen-
guin, 2006).
2 . Press release: “University of Leicester Produces the First Ever World
Map of Happiness: Happiness Is Being Healthy, Wealthy and Wise,” www2
.le.ac.uk; Adrian White, “World Map of Happiness,” Psych Talk , March 2007.
3 . A mathematical formula for calculating the degree of the human poverty
gap can be found in the study Indicators for Monitoring the Millennium Develop-
ment Goals: Defi (New York: United nitions, Rationale, Concepts, and Sources
Nations, 2003), p. 9; mdgs.un.org.
4 .Development Goals Report 2007: Statistical Annex (New York: United Na-
tions, 2007). The relevant information is available at mdgs.un.org.
5 . Questioning the assumption about diminishing returns from capital,
Paul Romer, in particular, contributed to creating and developing an endoge-
nous model of economic growth. See his “Increasing Returns and Long-Run
Growth,” Journal of Political Economy, 94, no. 5 (1986): 1002–37.
6 . See Robert E. Lucas, “On the Mechanics of Economic Development,”
Journal of Monetary Economics , 22, no. 1 (1988): 3–42.
7 . See George Mavrotas and Anthony Shorrocks, eds., Advancing Develop-
ment: Core Themes in Global Economics (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007),
a daunting tome (803 pages) rich in a variety of themes relevant to contempo-
rary development economics and containing as its Chapter 28 my text, Institu-
tions, Policies, and Economic Development , pp. 531–54.
8. Stagnation and Development—Institutions,
Policy, and Culture
1 . John Seabrook, “Sowing for Democracy,” The New Yorker , Aug. 27, 2007.
2 . Statistical data cited in “Caught in the Middle, As Usual,” The Economist ,
Nov. 12, 2005, p. 49.
3 . See Andres Åslund, How Russia Became a Market Economy (Washington,
DC: The Brookings Institution, 1995).
4 . See Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the “Spirit ” of Capitalism, trans-
lated and with an introduction and additional selections by Peter Baehr and
Gordon C. Wells (New York: Penguin, 2002).
5 . The 1996 fi lm explains more about the essence of economic populism, and
not only in its Peronist variant, than some scholarly studies of the subject.