x ■ ILLUSTRATIONS
TABLE 4.2 Theoretical Framework for Community Practice—
Macro to Micro Scale 94
TABLE 6.1 Using Finn and Jacobson’s “Just Practice” Concepts
for Deep Analysis 184
TABLE 7.1 Hart’s Comparison of Traditional and Sustainable
Community Indicators 234
TABLE 8.1 Components of Rational Planning Pro cess for
Program Design Adapted for Community Practice 256
TABLE 8.2 Inclusive Program Design: From Vision to Valuation 260
TABLE 8.3 Dimensions of an Interpretive Planning Pro cess 283
TABLE 9.1 Five Submodels of Planning 290
TABLE 10.1 Comparative Elements for Success in Co ali tions 329
PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ODorothy “Dee” Gamble had just returned from two years in the Peace lled with both unique and familiarur journey to completing this book is fipaths. Both of us came of age in professional social work in the 1960s.
Corps, doing urban community development in Bucaramanga, Colombia, and
enrolled in the Columbia University School of Social Work to focus on com-
munity or ga ni za tion. Marie Weil had worked with tribal members on the Tule
River Indian Reservation in California, with the civil rights movement in
North Carolina, done needs assessment work in very low- income communities
in Philadelphia, and enrolled in the University of Pennsylvania School of Social
Work with a major in community or ga ni za tion. We both had work experience
in settlement houses during our graduate education, Gamble at Hartley House
in New York City, Weil at University Settlement and Lutheran Settlement in
Philadelphia.
As we engaged with our social work graduate studies and the communities
surrounding Columbia and the University of Pennsylvania, we both became
involved in civil, social, and economic rights movements. The continuing strug-
gle for dignity among African Americans, Native Americans, Latinos/as, Asian
Americans, women, the urban and rural poor, and those struggling with devel-
opmental delays had a profound effect on both of us as we saw people ignored,
insulted, beaten, and even murdered for pursuing their human rights in one of
the most respected democracies in the world.
These were the years before curb- cuts made it possible for people in wheel-
chairs to move about in cities and towns. These were also the years when many
African Americans could not vote or apply to many universities; when mixed-
race marriages were illegal in sixteen of the United States; when President John
F. Kennedy, his brother Robert Kennedy, and the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.
were all assassinated. Informing and stimulating our passion for social work was
ILLUSTRATIONS
FIGURES
FIGURE 1.1 Hart’s Community Capital Triangle 7
FIGURE 1.2 Continuous Sustainable Community Development 14
FIGURE 5.1 Guiding Steps and Feedback Loops for
Community Organizers 127
FIGURE 7.1 Human Interaction toward Sustainability 213
FIGURE 9.1 Friedmann’s Four Domains of Social Practice 312
FIGURE 9.2 Friedmann’s Conception of Poverty as Lack of Access
to Bases of Social Support 314
FIGURE 9.3 Castelloe’s Community Capacity Frame Adapted 316
TABLES
TABLE 1.1 Eight Millennium Development Goals with 2015 Targets 20
TABLE 2.1 Eight Models of Community Practice
with Twenty- fi 26 rst- Century Contexts
TABLE 2.2 Primary and Related Roles for Social Workers /
Community Practice Workers in the Eight Models 40
TABLE 3.1 Values and Ethical Principles for Community Practitioners 67
TABLE 4.1 Reed’s Illustrative Types of Explanatory Theories
about Society and Social Change 88