Preface
This book is the fi rst full treatment of an idea I discovered some
ten years ago. At that time I was one of many scholars applying
our research expertise to the problem of economic development in
poor countries. It began to dawn on me that my fellow experts had
elaborate methods for analysis and planning that ignored or even
contradicted the existing sources on how creative achievement
really happens. Over time my informal inquiry into these sources
turned into a more formal study that in turn led to this book.
In my inquiry, three authors stood out right away: Thomas
Kuhn on scientifi c revolutions, Joseph Schumpeter on entrepre-
neurial leaps of progress, and Carl von Clausewitz on military
strategy. It struck me that all three described similar mechanisms
for creative advance in their fi elds. The implications of this simi-
larity seemed enormous to me for other fi elds too, including my
own. All three scholars had independently arrived at a universal
description of the structure of human achievement.
Once I saw this common thread, I set out to translate it into
practical concepts that fi elds beyond science, entrepreneurship,
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