7
Flash versus Blink
charge, led Klein to understand how snap judgments combine
past elements in the expert’s mind without any conscious thought.
They just happen, from practice. Our study of expert intuition
takes intelligent memory out of the neuroscience laboratory and
into real life. This sets the stage for future chapters, where we see
how strategic intuition applies the same mental mechanism as
expert intuition, but more slowly, more consciously, and in new
situations where past expertise is not enough. Expert intuition
works for familiar situations—you get better and faster at your
job. But strategic intuition works for the unfamiliar, where every
strategic situation is different to some degree.
Our next fi strategy eld is classical military strategy. The word
entered the English language in 1810, when scholars fi rst turned
the subject into a formal discipline of study. From there, strat-
egy spread to business in the late nineteenth century and to other
fi rst great work of strategy scholarship, elds in the twentieth. The fi
von Clausewitz’s On War, put fl ashes of insight at the fore of how
good generals think. Von Clausewitz gives us key elements that
accompany a fl ash of insight: examples from history, which you
must already have in mind; presence of mind, where you expect
the unexpected and don’t prejudge which examples you will draw
on; the fl ash of insight itself, which selects and combines the right
examples; and resolution, where you follow through despite the
uncertainties and obstacles ahead. These four elements solve the
problem of how intelligent memory applies to unfamiliar situa-
tions: the elements you draw on come from the past, but their
combination is something new.
From classical European military strategy we move to classical
Asian military strategy. Half the world lives in countries where the
leading ideas about thinking for action come not from American
or European scientists and scholars but from the ancient tradi-
tions of India and China. Elements of classical philosophy from
these countries show a striking similarity to the four steps of von
Clausewitz. These traditions pay special attention to presence of
mind: the mental discipline of freeing your thoughts to let the
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